I found these cones on an advent wreath. I was able to extract some seeds, but it looks like it's only the wings and no actual viable seeds. Which species are the cones from?

Conifers have "naked seeds". What you have may be the entire seed.

Those remind me of Larch (Larix sp.) cones, possibly Larix kaempferi in Japan. Could you provide any idea of scale, like with a ruler in the picture?

Take additional images of the ends of the cones. I don't know any other ID features to ask for.