I'm showing my young age because I know everything about Pokemon, growing up I was a huge fan. I too play Pokemon Go.
Basically, you walk around outside or bike (yes you need to leave you house to play) and Pokemon randomly appear on your phone screen in game, you throw poke balls at them to catch. The higher the level of the Pokemon the better. Some Pokemon are rarer than others and more desirable to catch.
There are landmarks in blue to collect free items like trainer points, pokeballs, and Pokemon eggs to hatch Pokemon to keep.
When your over level 5 you battle your Pokemon at the Pokemon gyms nearby, hence why you want strong Pokemon, and can use stardust to increase their levels and attacks.
You evolve Pokemon to make them stronger.
That's the basics of it.
I heard the company are adding more features so this is more like the gameboy games where you battle other players and trade Pokemon you caught.