If you watered the rose well before applying the fertilizer, you should not have fertilizer burn as long as you followed the instructions.
The safest way to apply any fertilizer -- organic or chemical -- to a rose is to make sure the rose is well hydrated by watering it deeply the day before you feed your rose.
I haven't experience fertilizer burn in my garden, so I don't know how long it would take to show up. The water stress that I have seen was due to the long term drought we had and it looked quite similar to your photo.
