Hi Wesleysauce,
Tree Philodendron (Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum) grow outside as landscape plants here in Florida where I live so I can't offer much advice on potted plants since I've never tried growing one in a container.
Yellowing and dropping leaves can be due to the soil retaining too much water but if you've had your plant for over a year and it just began acting differently, it might just be adjusting to it's container and the new location.
When growing in the ground, Lacy Philodendrons have a sprawling habit and those big leaves sometimes lay on the ground or on top of each other. As they age, the trunk gets thicker and on older plants, if there are trees in the vicinity, adventitious roots will reach out and attach to and climb the trees. I currently have one beneath an oak tree in my backyard which has roots encircling the tree. At a home we owned for 40 years, there was a large area of these Philodendrons planted on one side of the house and a single specimen on the other side. For the single plant, I removed all of the lower leaves from the trunk so that it resembled a tree, as you can see in the photo if you click on our database link that I provided above.
These are some of the plants currently growing in my yard:
And, here's the one showing the roots encircling an oak tree: