Hi,
In order for a caladium bulb to propagate and grow larger in size it has to be cut.
You can take the bulbs you have and in the Spring about a week or so before you plan on planting them, take a razor knife and cut the bulb in half or maybe even third's. Let the cut part callus over. Caladiums are similar to a potato in that if it has an eye, it's going to grow. Those cut pieces you created will get bigger over the course of the growing season. It's Impossible for me to tell you how much bigger they'll get as there are a ton of variables that'll determine that!!
In a round about way that's how we generate our seed for planting in the Spring although doing it commercially is A LOT more involved than what you'd be doing!!
Happy Gardening!!
Bill