Yes, of course you can. After blooming, the foliage would normally grow for a while to store energy in the bulb for next year's reproductive cycle (i.e. bloom). The typical low light levels indoors make it a rather inefficient process there, but once it's warm enough to set your potted bulbs outdoors, you can do that (assuming the foliage has not completely died off already by that time). Any time they can spend outdoors in good light prior to the foliage dying down is to their benefit.
In any case, whether they were able to photosynthesize outdoors to much of an extent or not, you can plant the bulbs outdoors (providing they are hardy species for your area). They may not have the energy to produce blooms the next spring, and if so will only produce foliage, but they will benefit from being outdoors in normal light conditions and should be able to bloom thereafter.
