You say "I really only like the look of good, loose, black dirt / compost." and that's a really common thing amongst gardeners. We all want that, but in places that lack good soil to begin with, like where you are, it's hard to come by.
First place to try is your County landfill. I helped my daughter and hubby make a garden out of a baked clay wasteland in Salt Lake City (similar dry conditions as you, but a bit warmer) with something like 20 pickup truck loads of compost from the landfill. They would load it for you for $25 per load, but that was back in 2007.
Second thing to do is make some raised beds in the best places for planting in your garden. You could use some of your plentiful rocks to make your bed edges, maybe? The rocks don't actually "push" up to the surface, they show up when the soil over top of them washes down or blows away. Making raised beds over top of that rocky clay will give your plants some depth to get their roots into, and also prevent the erosion that makes more rocks show up.
Groundcover plants, and good wood chip mulch also prevents your soil washing or blowing away, so wherever you have space between plants, cover that soil somehow! A good shredded mulch, not bark nuggets or the like, will sort of mat together and not blow away or shift around.
From what I recall of driving through Wyoming, it's always windy, too? IF you can plant a windbreak of some kind of trees or durable shrubs on the upwind side of your garden that will also help. If not, do most of your gardening on the downwind side of the house. It would be a shame to get your beds nice and full of good soil, and have it blow away day after day.
