| Introduction | Roses are shrubs with prickly stems, pinnate compound leaves, and ornamental flowers, usually fragrant. This standard definition conveys none of the charm that has inspired poets, painters, sculptors, architects, and designers for centuries. The rose may be the most prominent plant in the arts, decor, and symbolism.
Roses have been cultivated for more than 5,000 years and are native only to the northern hemisphere: Europe, North America, East Asia, and the Middle East. They were grown as ornamental plants as far back as the 6th century BC in China. In Europe they were first grown for use in perfume and other cosmetics and as health aids, but their ornamental value was soon recognized and appreciated.
Rose breeding began in Europe in the 17th century. Most of the OGRs (Old Garden Roses) of that time were once-blooming shrubs in shades of white, pink, or red. The introduction of more and more species roses and the China and Tea groups into breeding practices produced reblooming roses in every color but true blue, with blooms of various shapes and sizes, ultimately resulting in thousands of cultivars meeting every conceivable aesthetic preference.
| Growing Conditions | Ideally, roses should be grown in sunny and open locations, with good air circulation at the base of the plant, in rich and well-draining soil. Some roses, notably the old ramblers and the modern hybrid musks, can tolerate some shade in any zone and may even prefer shade in the hottest zones.
Roses require 1-2 inches of water a week to thrive. In dry climates, this water has to be supplied by the gardener, and although overhead watering was once discouraged, it is the logical choice. The water supplied by a gardener supplements rain, which falls from overhead. Overhead watering keeps the foliage and blooms clean, retards powdery mildew, and repels some pests.