Here in the east deer are a nuisance in suburban neighborhoods.
Deer do what they do and procreate because the predator balance is askew. The coyote population is short and our neighborhood fox cant do the job. Cougars would create more of a problem than they would solve.
It is illegal to feed deer in New York State. That is a program that has little affect.Humane kills are the latest idea.
Not practiced here but in the FingerLakes region.
The neighborhood here doesn't allow fences for aesthetic reasons so the deer roam theu my expensive plants and eat at will.
I have used 4 different repellants over the past 8 years. Not effective.
Every season I watch the lilies nipped off before they can bloom. That's a lot of dollars not to mention muscle power gone to waste.
I know they need to eat,BUT, there are woods and a creek that flows thru the division ,still the deer prefer the gardens.
So deflating to make the effort sometimes. I no longer plant lilies and hostas are out of the question.