Curiouser and curiouser!
I checked the September 2013 street view to see if any wire was visible around the dead tree. Look carefully to the left of the trunk, there is some patterning which suggests it was.
I had wondered if someone had put a plant in the ground and cut it back, but there was wire around the cut stump in August 2014. The tree must have been cut back some time between September 2013 and August 2014.
Look back at the first photo posted, there was wire all the way around with some soil covering part of it but it was in two pieces so the wire could have been lifted and replaced. The wire would stop squirrels planting seeds. I wonder if seeds were put in at the time of cutting back, but there's nothing showing in November 2015 or any time before that unless new growth had been broken or cut off to the ground.
http://garden.org/pics/2016-04...
All references point to Aesculus glabra var. arguta having 5-7 leaves, some more. A. glabra only has 5 leaves.
https://books.google.co.uk/boo...
Photos and info on other species ..
https://books.google.co.uk/boo...
Under 'Genetics' hybrids mentioned:
https://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/...
All sources mention a fetid, rank or putrid smell when crushing the leaves, have you tried doing this?
I'm surprised the stem is still standing up in your pot!
The leaves look to be quite hairy on the upper surface, descriptions I have read state the upper surface of Aesculus glabra are 'glabrous' meaning without hairs or down, although the following site mentions "glabrous at maturity"
http://landscapeplants.oregons...
http://www.projectnoah.org/spo...
Shrub or small tree to 5 m (15 ft) tall. Twigs thick, red-brown, hairy when young, with large triangular leaf scars. Bark smooth, light gray, becoming rough and scaly on older stems
http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/sh...
The bark on the dead tree is smooth and light grey, but the leaves don't look to match at all even though the image isn't a hundred percent clear.
Please try crushing a leaf to see if it stinks!
I've tried to imagine the leaves on the May 2012 image being palmate, as the leaflets are said to be 6-13 cm (2.5-5 in) long. The red ringed leaves to the top left almost fit palmate. The lower ring doesn't seem to. Another point is they make flower buds at the same time as the leaves are opening, this photo doesn't show anything which resembles flower buds and they do appear to flower at a young age.
The winter twigs on a young tree 'might' fit this tree ..
https://www.google.co.uk/searc...
The split in the bark in October 2012 ....
Twigs in October 2012 ..